Egyptian hieroglyphs lesson

This is one of three Egyptian hieroglyphs classes that I am following online through Yahoo groups.

The class has turned in their homework. It is a portion of exercises in the book they are using to study.

The book is written by James P. Allen, titled Middle Egyptian an Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. I must add, the book is printed in obnoxiously tiny typeface that actually requires a magnifying glass to read and that makes the task 10X more difficult. I hate it. I despise the publisher for doing this. I suppose the book would be unreasonably large had they not done this shrinking of the book. Nevertheless, here is one brief segment from chapter 8 exercises as the group plows through the text.

First are the pretty little pictures making up the hieroglyphs. And that's all that I really care about.

Second are the transliterations as provided by the author in the answers at the back of the book as Egyptologist write them when they're talking to each other about certain texts using their code for the sounds of the supposed words for the symbols, often not the symbols themselves. I know, weird, huh? That is, the sound-symbols occasionally do not match hieroglyph for hieroglyph, rather, combinations of symbols make up a word that sounded and that is transliterated. Some are silent, the little seated man, for instance. As linguists they're trying to get at the structure of sentences. They're trying to get at which symbols go with one another and how they relate to each other. And that's why there is such a wide variation with interpretation. This code has dots under letters and lines straight and curved, and superset "c" and the like, and all this is to distinguish between different ways to pronounce "h" that we do not have in English but are present in German and Arabic and such, also different ways to pronounce "s" that can sound like a "z" and sometimes akin to a "th" sound, you know, vocalizations of phonemes not present in English. Actually we sound like nutters trying to pronounce these. I've listened to recording of people giving it their best and they're just awful.

Third, are the adjusted transliteration code for all that the students are using with each of their answers, showing the instructor their understanding of the grammar present in the pictures, it's a modified version of transliteration code for sounds for use on keyboard that lacks all those sound code symbols. And fourth are student's attempt to phrase the ideas in English, their version of the grammar and their inquires. There are a few oddball hieroglyphs present that' are messing things up.

And we can tell by looking at the pictures and matching with English translation that many of the hieroglyphics are rather straightforward and from that we can see how early Egyptians expressed their concepts backward from the way the same concepts are expressed in English. And by looking at this and taking it in then we can improve our facility with other languages immeasurably, for example this has affected my own version of American sign language, while simultaneously wreaking havoc with your conjugation in English. I meant to say my English conjugation. There are only seven short phrases, and they're all rather basic, if not so easy.

I copied these from the book using Jshesh program which writes from left to right so they were read backwards and flipped with individual characters flipped where necessary in Photoshop as required.

The official transliteration were copied from solution at the back of the book using Photoshop.

Notice all the creatures face to the right, so then the text is read from right to left.

Weird, the pictures are read backward while the transliteration are read forward, but hey, that's how it goes. Backwards and forwards, same thing.

The students give their own transliterations, their own understanding what goes with what and why. They discuss their understanding of grammar and structure using their superpowers of metalinguistics, their linguistic grammar about grammar so they can talk about languages and this differs somewhat from our own English studies at our American schools. You might find a few things here interesting for that. At points the students query the instructor about things that just seem too strange. And I'll say, she is brilliant in answering elsewhere.

Incidentally, there is yet another code for each symbol. So in Jsesh you can enter that Gardiner code or you can enter the keyboard version of the transliteration code so typing this out in Jsesh is quite bizarre switching back and forth between the codes to get the hieroglyph needed. It's wild. Sometimes the transliteration keyboard code does not work so knowing the category then and the item number for each hieroglyph helps considerably. I'm getting very good at whipping these things out switching back and forth between codes For example, the transliteration for the seated man, meaning "I" as "myself" is a "j" in transliteration -speak, but if you type that in Jsesh you get nothing, you must type "A1" the Gardiner code for that, a very common hieroglyph, and one not always pronounced, whereas if you need the owl, another very common hieroglyph, you can type the transliteration code for its sound, lower case "m" or type the Gardiner code "G17". G is the category for birds and 17 is the owl's position on the chart for birds. In Jsesh there is also code for crammming things together, stacking them in ligatures. You'd think the most common ones are always something-1 on the chart but that is not always the case. I always thought the owl and chick should be at the front but they're not. Lastly, the Allen text is so tiny that sometimes you can't make heads nor tails or glyph simply does not match with anything familiar and you can't even tell what category of things it is found, much less its pronunciation. The symbol in 8.23 center left that looks like a bell drove me insane because it's minuscule in the text and it looks like a hide with tail but it's not. I have no idea of its sound value either. I'm still not sure what it is. What a bummer none of the students asked about this.

20

20. Hrw Hrj dp xAswt

Horus is over the head of foreign lands

20. Hrw Hrj dp xAswt

Horus, chief of foreign lands.

[M.s. noun Hrw qualified by an prepositional nisbe Hrj dp (lit "one who is over the head") and f.pl

noun xAswt, "foreign lands".]

20. Hrw Hry dp xAswt

Horus on head of foreign lands

Horus is the chief of foreign lands

20. Hrw Hrj-dp xAswt - Horus, chief of the foreign lands.

20. Hrw Hrj dp xAswt

Hrw: n div "Horus"

Hrj: adj ms (prep nisbe) "who is over, upper, chief"

dp: n ms "head"

xAswt: n fpl "foreign lands, deserts" (direct gen)

"Horus, chief of the foreign lands"

8.20 Hrw Hrj dp xAswt / Horus, who is over the head of foreign lands

8.20) Hrw Hrj dp xAswt

Hrw - noun "Horus"

Hrj - prepositional nisbe "upper, lying on", or "who is over"

dp - noun "head"; Hrj dp as a phrase is "chief"

xAswt - plural noun "foreign lands"

- Horus, chief of foreign lands

8.20) Hrw Hrj tp xAs(w)t -- Horus, who is the head of foreign lands

Hrw = subject/topic

Hrj tp xAs(w)t = comment

8.20)

Hrw Hry dp xAsw.t

The upper Horus, the one above the deserts.

dp here is followed by a determinative of a god, and it's probably being used as a noun derived

20. Hrw Hrj-dp xAst

Horus is the governor of the desert

20 Hrw Hr tpj xAswt

Heru on top of foreign lands

Hrw = noun

Hr = preposition

tpj = prep. Nisbe

xAswt = noun femine plural

8.20 Hrw Hrj dpj xAs(w)t

Horus who is over the head of foreign lands

Adjectival sentence : Hrw (Horus, noun, masc sing, subject) ; Hrj dpj (Hrj lying on, prepositional

nisbe, predicate with dpj) ; dpj (standing atop, , prepositional nisbe, predicate with Hrj) ; together

Hrj+dpj= over the head, or chief ; xAs(w)t (foreign lands, noun, fem plural)

8.20)

Hrw Hri dp xAswt

‚Horus, chief of foreign lands'

Hrw = noun/name (‚Horus‘, given by Allen)

Hri = nisbe (‚who is‘)

dp = preposition (‚atop, on top‘, §8.2.16)

xAswt = noun in plural (‚foreign lands‘, given by Allen)

20) Hrw Hrj dp xAswt - Horus, chief of foreign lands

Hrw = Horus

Hrj dp = chief

xAswt = foreign lands

8.20 Hrw Hrj dp xAsrwt

Horus, chief of foreign lands.

Hrj = prepositional nisbe

21

21. Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

on the great throne in the niche of electrum

21.Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

On the great throne in an electrum niche.

Preposition Hr, "on" followed by the f.s. noun jst, "throne" qualified by the adjective wrt, "great".

Then we have the preposition m, "in", followed by the indirect genitive wmwt nt Dam, "a niche of

electrum".

Question: Why does the adjective wrt have the "building" determinative? Is it just put there to agree

with the determinative of jst?

21. Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

on great throne in niche of electrum

Hmm – Allen gives two different words in the dictionary, one translating “niche” and the other

“thickness.” Our exercises uses the determinative for “niche” (the house glyph) wmwt, but the key

gives “thickness” (scroll) or wmt. So I’ve translated as niche. I see that in his translation of the

Story of Sinuhe in Middle Egyptian Literature Allen also uses the word “thickness,” and it occurs

just a line or so before that, same “niche& #8221; determinative and same translation as

“thickness.” Can anyone shed light on this?

21. Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam - On the great throne in the electrum niche.

21. Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

Hr: prep "on"

jst: n fs "throne"

wrt: adj fs "great"

m: prep "in"

wmwt: n fpl "niche"

nt: gen adj fpl "of"

Dam: n ms "electrum"

"On the great throne, in a niche of electrum"

8.21 Hr jst wrt m wmwt net DAm / on the important throne, in a niche of elecrum

8.21) Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

Hr - preposition "on"

jst - noun "throne"

wrt - adjective "great"

m - preposition "in"

wmwt - noun "niche"

nt - genitival adjective "of"

Dam - noun "electrum"

- On the great throne in a niche of electrum

8.21) Hr ist wrt m wmwt nt Dam -- Upon the great throne in the niche of electrum.

Hr ist wrt = prepositional phrase

m wmwt nt Dam = prepositional phrase

8.21)

Hr ist wr.t m wmwt n.t Dam

By the great throne, in the niche of electrum.

The niche isn't made out of electrum, but more like a niche for storing electrum. If the niche were

out of electrum, I'd expect an 'm' instead of an 'n' here.

21. Hr jst wryt m wmwt nt Dam

on the throne of the shrine in a niche of electrum

wryt [G36-D21-X1-O1] = shrine, holy place [Vygus]

21 Hr jst wrt mwmwt nt Dam

On the great seat in the hallow of eclectrum

Hr = prep.

jst = noun feminine

wrt = adject. Feminine

mwmwt = noun fem.

nt = nisbe of the indirect genitive

Dam = noun

8.21 Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

On the great throne in the niche of electrum

Hr (on ; preposition) ; jst (throne, noun, fem sing ) ; m (great, adjective, modifies and agrees with

jst) ; m (in, preposition) ; wmwt (niche, noun, fem sing, possessor of Dam) ; nt (of, indirect

genitive, agrees with wmwt) ; Dam (electrum, noun,masc sing)

8.21)

Hr ist wrt m wmwt nt Dam

‚On the great throne in a niche of electrum'

Hr = preposition (‚on‘, §8.2.10)

ist = noun (‚throne‘, given by Allen)

wrt = adjective (‚great‘)

m = preposition (‚in‘, §8.2.3)

wmwt = noun (‚niche‘, given by Allen)

nt = indirect genitive with feminine noun (§4.13.2)

Dam = noun (‚electrum‘, given by Allen)

21) Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam - on the great throne in the niche of electrum

Hr = on

jst wrt = the great throne

m = in

nt = of

Dam = electron

8.21 Hr jst wrt m wmwt nt Dam

On the great seat in a niche of electrum.

m = preposition

nt = indirect genitive

22

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

by my strong arm by my bow by my excellent plans

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

With my strong arm, with my bow, with my clever plans.

Three phrases, each consisting of the preposition m, here meaning "by the use of”" and a noun or

noun phrase.

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m ssrw.j jqrw

by my arm, by my bow, by my excellent plans

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw jkrw - By my strong arm, my bow and my

excellent plans.

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m zxrw.j iqrw

m: prep "in, by"

xpS.j: n ms + sfx pron 1s "my strong arm"

pDt.j: n fs + sfx pron 1s "my bow"

zxrw.j: n mpl + sfx pron 1s "my plans"

jqrw: adj mpl "excellent"

"by my strong arm, by my bow and by my excellent plans"

8.22 m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw / with my strong arm, with my bow and with my good plans

8.22) m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

m - preposition "with, by, through" something

xpS - noun "strong arm"

.j - 1S suffix pronoun "my"

pDt - noun "bow"

sxrw - plural noun "plans"

jqrw - adjective "excellent" (agreeing with sxrw)

- By my strong arm, with my bow, through my excellent plans

8.22) m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw -- by my strong arm, by my bow, by my excellent plans

m xpS.j = prepositional phrase

m pDt.j = prepositional phrase

m sxrw.j jqrw = prepositional phrase

8.22) m xpS=i m pDt=i m sxrw=i iqrw

With my strong arm, with my bow, with my excellent plans

22. m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

with my strong arm, with my bow, with my excellent plans

22 m xpS.j m pDt.j m srw.j jqrw

By my strong arm, by my bow, by my excellent plans

m = prep

xpS.j = adjective and noun with suffix pronoun

m = prep

pDt.j = noun with suffix pronoun

same as first phrase

8.22 m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

With my strong arm and my bow and my excellent plans

m (with, preposition) ; xPs (strong arm, noun , masc sing) ; j (my, suffix pronoun) ; m (with,

preposition) ; pDt (bow, noun, fem sing) ; m (with, preposition) ; sxrw (plans, noun, masc, plural) ; j

(my, suffix pronoun) ; jqrw (excellent, adjective, agrees with sxrw)

8.22)

m xpS.i m pDt.i m sxrw.i iqrw

‚By my strong arm, by my bow, by my accomplished plans'

m = preposition (‚in/by‘, §8.2.3)

xpS.i = noun (‚strong arm‘, given by Allen) + 1s suffix pronoun

m = preposition (‚in/by‘, §8.2.3)

pDt.i = noun (‚bow‘, given by Allen) + 1s suffix pronoun

m = preposition (‚in/by‘, §8.2.3)

sxrw.i = noun in plural (‚plans‘) + 1s suffix pronoun

iqrw = adjective (‚accomplished‘)

22) m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw - by my strong arm, by my bow, by my excellent plans

m = by

xpS.j = my strong arm

pDt.j = my bow

sxrw.j jqrw = my excellent plans

8.22 m xpS.j m pDt.j m sxrw.j jqrw

By my strong arm, by my bow, by my accomplished plans.

m = preposition

.j = personal pronoun suffix 1s

23

23. (j)m(j) r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt

efficient overseer of peasants of the king's house

23. (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt

An efficient overseer of peasants of the king's house.

Direct genitive (j)m(j)-r sxtjw, "overseer of peasants", qualified by the adjective mnx, "efficient"

(which, since it is singular, must qualify the word "overseer", not "peasants") followed by the

preposition n, "of" and the direct genitive pr-nswt, which is written with honorific transposition.

23. jmj r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt

overseer of fieldworkers efficient of the king’s house

an efficient overseer of the fieldworkers of the king’s house

23. (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt - An efficient overseer of peasants of

the king´s house. ["mnx" is singular, so it modifies the first noun]

23. jmj-r sxtjw mnx n nswt-pr

jmj-r: n ms "overseer"

sxtjw: n mpl "peasants" (direct gen)

mnx: adj ms "efficient"

n: gen adj ms "of"

nswt-pr: (hon transp) "house of the king" > "palace"

"An efficient overseer of peasants of the palace"

8.23 (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt / the efficient overseer of workers of the palace

8.23) (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt

jmj-r - noun phrase "overseer"

sxtjw - plural noun "peasants"

mnx - adjective "efficient"

n - genitival adjective "of"

pr-nswt - noun phrase "king's house" or "palace"

- An efficient overseer of peasants of the palace

8.23) (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt -- the efficient overseer of peasants in the royal palace.

jmj-r = overseer (topic)

jmj-r sxtjw = direct genitive

mnx = adjective describing jmj-r (not sxtjw)

n pr-nswt = prepositional phrase

8.23 (i)m(y)-r sxtiw mnx n(i) pr nswt

The overseer of the peasants, the efficient one of the house of the king

23. imj-r sxtjw mnx n pr nsw

an efficient overseer of the peasents for the house of the king

or

the overseer of the peasants is efficient for the house of the king

23 jmj-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt

Efficient overseer of the peasants of the King’s house

jmj-r = prep. Nisbe

sxtjw = noun masculine plural

mnx = adjective mas. sing.

n pr-nswt = prepositional noun phrase

8.23 (j)m(j)-r shtj(w) mnx n nsw pr-nswt

The efficient overseer of the peasants of the king’s house

(j)m(j)-r shtj(w) overseer of peasants : (j)m(j)-r (overseer, noun, masc, sing)+shtj(w) (peasants,

noun, masc, plural) ; mnx (efficient, adjective, agrees with (j)m(j)-r) ; n(of, preposition) ; pr-nswt

(king’s house, noun, masc)

8.23)

(i)m(i) r sxtiw mnx n pr-nswt

‚an efficient overseer of peasants of the king’s house'

(i)m(i) = prepositional „reverse“ nisbe (‚inherent in‘)

r = noun (‚mouth‘)

(i)m(i) r = noun phrase (‚overseer’, see §8.9)

sxtiw = noun in plural (‚peasants‘, given by Allen)

mnx = adjective (‚effective‘, given by Allen)

n = indirect genitive, §4.13.2

pr-nswt = noun phrase (‚king’s house‘)

23) (j)m(j)-r sxtjw mnx n pr-nswt- an efficient overseer of peasants of the king's house

(j)m(j)-r = overseer

mnx = peasants

mnx = excellent

n = of

pr-nswt = king's house

8.23 (j)m(j) r sxtjw mnx n p r-nswt

An efficient overseer of the field workers of the king’s palace.

Q. Why is mnx not directly after (j)m(j) if it is the overseer who is efficient?

24

24. Hm nb Xry jrjw.f

all servants under what pertains to him

24. Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f

Every servant who is under his duties.

Direct genitive Hm nb, "every servant", qualified by the nisbe Xrj, "who is under" and the plural

nisbe with personal pronoun jrjw.f, "those (things) pertaining to him", ie his duties.

24. Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f

every servant under his doings

every servant who is at his tasks

24. Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f - Every servant who is under his tasks.

24. Hm nb Xrj jrj.f

Hm: n ms "servant"

nb: adj ms "each, every"

Xrj: adv "under"

jrj.f: n ms + sfx pron 3ms "his duty"

"Every servant has his duty"

8.24 Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f / every servant who is under his tasks

8.24) Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f

Hm - noun "servant"

nb - adjective "each, every, all"

Xrj - prepositional nisbe "lower, lying under" or "having"

jrjw - prepositional nisbe as plural noun "those which pertain to"

.f - 3MS suffix pronoun "him"

- Every servant under those which pertain to him

or - Every servant has his duties

8.24) Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f -- Every servant who is under those pertaining to him.

Hm = topic

nb = adjective

Xrj = nisbe

jrjw = nisbe

.f = suffix pronoun

8.24 Hm nb xry iryw=f

Every servant has his duties.

24. Hm nb Xrj jryw.f

every servant who is under those (tasks) pertaining to him

24  Hm nb Xrj jrjw.f

Every servant who pertains to him (of his)

Hm = Noun

nb = Adjective

Xrj = prep. nisbe

jrjw.f = Prepositional nisbe possession with suffix

Please, why does Allen use xr for Xr in chapter 8. The bilateral hr Gardiner sl T29 the butcher’s

block is Xr. Is this not the sign used for the preposition meaning under?

8.24 Hmw nb Xrjw.f

Every servant who is under his tasks

Hmw (servant, noun, masc sing) ; nb (every, adjective) ; Xrjw (tasks, noun, masc, plural) ; f (his,

pronoun, 3 person sing)

8.24)

Hm nb Hri iriw.f

‚Every servant who is under his tasks'

Hm = noun (‚servant‘, given by Allen)

nb = adjective (‚every/all‘)

Hri = prepositional nisbe (‚under‘)

iriw.f = noun in plural (‚tasks‘) + 3ms suffix pronoun

24) Hm nb Hrj jrjw.f = every servant who is under those which pertain to him (every servant who is

at his tasks)

Hm = servant

nb = every

Xrj = under

jrjw.f = pertaining to him

8.24 Hm nb Hrj jrjw.f

Every servant under his tasks.

Hrj = prepositional nisbe

jrjw.f = preposit ional nisbe with personal pronoun suffix 3ms

25

25. nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

It is the prayer of your humble servant of his lord

25. nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

It is the prayer of your humble servant for his lord.

An A pw nominal sentence (7.9) consisting of the indirect genitive nH n bAk jm with, as is usual, the

word pw moved as close to the start of the sentence as possible. This is followed by the preposition

n, "for" and the noun + personal pronoun nb.f.

25. nH pw n bAk jm nb.f

this is the prayer of a servant for his lord

25. nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f - It is the prayer of your humble servant for

His Lord. [A pw B nominal sentence]

25. nX.j pw bAk jm n nb.f

nX.j: n ms + sfx pron 1s "my prayer"

pw: dem ms

bAk: n ms "servant"

jm: adv "therein"

n: gen adj ms "of"

nb.f: n ms + sfx pron 3ms "his lord"

A pw nominal sentence

"This is my prayer, your humble servant of his lord"

8.25 nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f / it is a prayer of your humble servant for his lord

8.25) nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

nH - noun "prayer"

pw - demonstrative pronoun (nominal sentence, A pw form)

n - genitival adjective "of"

bAk jm - phrase "the worker therein" or "your humble servant"

n - preposition "to, for"

nb - noun "lord"

.f - 3MS suffix pronoun "his"

- It is the prayer of your humble servant for his lord.

8.25) nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f -- It is the pra yer of your humble servant for his lord

nH pw = A pw construction

n bak jm = prepositional phrase

n nb.f = prepositional phrase

8.25) nH pw n(i) bA=k im n nb=f

It's the prayer of your worker therein for his Lord.

25. nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

This is a prayer of your humble servant to his Lord

bAk im [G19 - V31 - A1 - M17 - G17] yo ur humble servant

nb [N35 - V30 - G7] Lord

25  nH pw n bak jm n nb.f

It is the prayer of your humble servant of his lord.

nH = noun

pw = demon. Pro.

n = prep

bAk jm = idiom

n nb.f = prep. Phrase ( prep. Noun. Suffix)

8.25 nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

It is the prayer of your humble servant for his lord

A pw nominal sentence : nH (prayer, noun, masc sing, subject) ; pw (it, demonstrative pronoun) ; n

(of, preposition) ; bAk jm = your humble servant (bAk, servant, noun, masc, sing) ; jm (preposition

or adverb) ; n (to, preposition) ; nb (lord, noun, masc sing) ; f (hs, suffix pronoun) 

8.25)

nH pw n bAk im n nb.f

‚It is the prayer of your humble servant for his lord'

nH = noun (‚prayer‘, given by Allen)

pw = ms demonstrative pronoun

n = indirect genitive, §4.13.2

bAk im = noun phrase (‚your humble servant‘)

n = preposition (‚to/for’, §8.2.6)

nb.f = noun (‚lord‘) + 3ms suffix pronoun

25) nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f - It is the prayer of your humble servant for his lord

nH pw = It is the prayer

n = of, for

bAk jm = your humble servant

nb.f = his lord

8.25 nH pw n bAk jm n nb.f

It is the prayer of the servant for his lord.

26

26. m r n ra Ds.f

in the mouth of the Sun himself

26. m r n ra Ds.f

In the mouth of Re himself.

Preposition m, "in" or "from" followed by the indirect genitive r n ra, "the mouth of Re", followed

by the noun phrase Ds.f, "himself" (S8.14).

26. m r n ra Ds.f

from the mouth of Ra himself

26. m r n ra Ds.f - In the mouth of Ra himself.

26. jmj-r n ra Ds.f

jmj-r: n ms "overseer"

n: gen adj ms "of"

ra: n div "Ra"

Ds.f: adv + sfx pron 3ms "himself"

"The overseer of Ra himself"

8.26 m r n ra Ds.f / through the mouth of Re himself

8.26) m r n ra Ds.f

m - preposition "in", or "from" a place

r - noun "mouth"

n - genitival adjective "of"

ra - noun "Re" or "the Sun"

Ds - noun "self"

.f - 3MS suffix pronoun "his"

- From the mouth of Re himself.

8.26) m r n ra Ds.f -- By the mouth of Re himself

m r = prepositional phrase

n ra Ds.f = prepositional phrase describing "r"

8.26) (i)m r n(i) ra Ds=f

In the own mouth of Ra.

26. jmj-r n ra Ds.f

the overseer of Ra himself

26  m r n ra Ds.f

From the mouth of Ra himself

m = prep.

r = Noun

n = prep

Ds.f = noun suffix

8.26 m r n ra Ds.f

From the mouth of the sun himself

m (from, preposition) ; r (mouth, noun, masc sing) ; n(of, preposition) ; ra (sun, noun, masc, sing) ;

Ds.f himself : Ds (self, noun, masc, sing)+f (his, suffix pronoun used adverbially)

8.26)

m r n ra Ds.f

‚From the mouth of Ra himself'

m = preposition (‚in/from‘, §8.2.3)

r = noun (‚mouth‘)

n = indirect genitive, §4.13.2

ra = noun/name

Ds.f = noun (‚self‘) + 3ms suffix pronoun

26) m r n ra Ds.f - from the mouth of Horus himself

m = from

r = mouth

n = of

ra = Horus

Ds.f = himself

8.26 m r n ra Ds.f

In the mouth of Ra/the Sun himself